Around 2 a.m. on December 2, the U.S. Senate passed its version of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act by a narrow majority of 51 to 49. The bill represents a significant overhaul of the U.S. tax system. The U.S. House of Representatives previously passed its version of a tax reform bill on November 16. Now, a conference committee of representatives from both houses of Congress is scheduled to begin work on a reconciled final bill this week.
The goal of congressional Republicans remains getting the final bill to President Trump’s desk to sign before Christmas, with most of the changes taking effect for 2018. The two bills already share many of the same elements, but Congress must reconcile several notable differences before it can be signed into law.
How the bills align
Important individual provisions present in both bills include the following:
Inflation adjustments. Both bills calculate inflation adjustments, where applicable, using the chained consumer price index. This index will increase tax bracket thresholds, the standard deduction, certain exemptions and other figures at a slower rate than the consumer price index currently used, potentially pushing taxpayers into higher tax brackets more quickly.
Personal exemptions and the standard deduction. Under current law for 2017, taxpayers can claim a personal exemption of $4,050 each for themselves, their spouses, and any dependents. Both tax bills eliminate personal exemptions beginning in 2018. However, the bills also nearly double the standard deduction amounts to $12,200 for single filers and $24,400 for married couples filing jointly (for 2018 with inflation adjustments).
State and local tax deductions. Both bills eliminate the deduction for state income or sales taxes. They both retain a deduction for property taxes but cap the deduction at $10,000.
Adoption credit. Initial drafts of the House bill eliminated the adoption credit, but both of the bills that passed preserve this popular credit.
Deductions and credits. Both bills generally get rid of the deductions for moving expenses, tax preparation fees, and personal casualty losses.
Principal residence gain exclusion. The bills allow the exclusion from income on gains from the sale of a principal residence of up to $250,000 for single filers and $500,000 for married couples. In both cases, it’s necessary to own the home and have used it for five of the previous eight years (compared with two out of the previous five years now).
Here are some key business provisions where the bills align with each other:
Corporate tax rates. The House and Senate bills permanently reduce the current maximum corporate rate from 35% to 20%.
Depreciation. Both bills allow businesses to fully and immediately expense 100% of the cost of qualified property acquired and placed in service after September 27, 2017, and before January 1, 2023.
Foreign income. The Senate and House bills both adopt a “territorial” taxation system for multinational companies — in other words, they generally limit U.S. income taxes to income earned in the United States. They also impose a one-time tax on repatriated offshore earnings, with a 14% rate for liquid assets (for example, cash, stocks and bonds) and a 7% rate on illiquid assets.
How the bills diverge
Some key differences in the bills’ individual provisions include:
Tax brackets. The House bill consolidates the seven current individual income tax brackets of 10%, 15%, 25%, 28%, 33%, 35% and 39.6% into four brackets of 12%, 25%, 35% and 39.6%. The Senate bill maintains seven brackets but changes them to 10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35% and 38.5%.
In addition, while the changes to individual tax rates are permanent in the House bill, they’re only temporary in the Senate bill, as they expire at the end of 2025.
Family tax credits. The House bill provides a family tax credit that includes a larger child tax credit ($1,600 for each child under age 17 or under, up from the current $1,000), a $300 credit for each nonchild dependent and a $300 family flexibility credit for the taxpayer or, on a joint return, each spouse who isn’t a child or non-child dependent. The family tax credit begins phasing out at income of $230,000 for joint filers.
The child tax credit in the House bill isn’t adjusted for inflation. And the non-child dependent and family flexibility credits end after 2022, effectively raising taxes in 2023 if it’s not renewed.
The Senate bill, on the other hand, increases the child tax credit to $2,000 for each child under age 18 (although it reverts to under age 17 in 2025, a year before the increase expires). Additionally, the bill dramatically expands eligibility for the credit by increasing the phaseout for joint filers from the current $110,000 to $500,000. It also provides a $500 credit per dependent.
Alternative minimum tax (AMT) and estate tax. The House bill repeals the AMT, doubles the estate tax exemption base from $5 million to $10 million, and repeals the estate tax altogether (as well as the generation-skipping transfer tax) after 2024. The Senate bill retains the AMT but reduces the number of taxpayers who pay it by increasing the exemption. Similarly, the Senate bill increases the estate tax exemption, but it doesn’t repeal the estate tax.
Other deductions and credits of note. The House bill eliminates the medical expense deduction. The Senate bill retains this deduction and, for 2017 and 2018, allows taxpayers to claim it when their expenses exceed 7.5% of adjusted gross income, compared to the current rate of 10%. The Senate bill also keeps the deduction for student loan interest and doesn’t tax graduate students on tuition waivers, unlike the House bill.
Affordable Care Act individual mandate. The Senate’s bill repeals the ACA’s individual mandate — thereby ending penalties for individuals that don’t acquire health insurance. The House bill does not call for the repeal of the mandate.
Mortgage interest deduction. Both bills retain the mortgage interest deduction. However, the House bill limits the deduction to home mortgage debt of $500,000 or less received after 2017, compared with $1 million currently. The Senate bill leaves the current cap in place. (Both bills eliminate the current deduction for home equity loans.)
The House and Senate bills also differ on these significant business provisions:
Corporate tax rate timing and AMT. Under the House bill, the reduced corporate tax rate kicks in for 2018. The Senate bill delays the reduction until 2019. Also, the House bill repeals the corporate AMT while the Senate bill retains it.
Pass-through entity tax rates. Currently, owners and shareholders of pass-through entities (sole proprietorships, partnerships, limited liability companies and S corporations) pay taxes on their net income at ordinary income tax rates as high as 39.6%. The House bill generally treats up to 30% of such net income as “business income” subject to a maximum rate of 25%, with the balance subject to the personal income tax rates. It also adopts a new 9% rate on the first $75,000 ($37,500 for single filers) in net business income passed through to an active owner earning less than $150,000 ($75,000 for singles) in taxable income. The 9% rate phases in over five years — 11% in 2018 and 2019, 10% in 2020 and 2021, and 9% in 2022.
The Senate bill creates a 23% deduction on pass-through income (excluding most professional services firms). Salaries paid to pass-through owners and partners are taxed at ordinary income tax rates. Several “guardrails” apply, though. For example, to prevent taxpayers from re-characterizing wage income as profits, the bill limits the deduction to half of the pass-through entity’s W-2 wages or its share to the individual taxpayer. This limit does not apply if the taxpayer’s taxable income is below $250,000 for single filers or $500,000 for married couples filing jointly.
Depreciation sunsetting. The House provision allowing immediate and full expensing expires in 2023. The Senate bill begins phasing it out at that time, reducing the deduction by 20% each year for four years, and then sunsetting completely for the fifth year.
Stay tuned. Regardless of the final language decided upon in this legislation, any tax bill that passes through both houses of Congress will likely represent the largest overhaul of the U.S. tax system in 30 years. No doubt, you’re probably wondering how potential tax code changes could impact you, especially as year-end tax planning should be top-of-mind right now. Until the changes are official, we recommend sticking with the current law and communicating with your KraftCPAs tax advisor if you have any questions about tax reform. We’ll keep you updated as we know more.